The Segregation of Urban Land Uses GCSE Geography

The Segregation of Urban Land Uses

There are recurring features in the built up area of most towns and cities – a central business district (CBD), industrial areas, residential districts, small shopping centres etc.

The main cause of the segregation is the urban land market. Sites are sold to the highest bidders. Usually retail shops make the best financial use out of the land and property.

Land values vary within the urban area. Generally they decline as you move from the centre, from the peak land-value intersection. High value property is also found around main roads from the centre and ring roads. Locations with good accessibility, such as where radial and ring roads cross each other, will be high valued

. 

Similar activities or land uses come together because:

• They have the same location needs. This could include space or accessibility or markets.

• Similar businesses have similar budgets

 It is for these reasons that retail and commercial businesses will cluster around the centre, this helps define the CBD. This is the most accessible area of the CBD.  

Manufacturing and industry also needs accessible locations; however it is less capital-intensive so it has less buying power. Hence often manufacturing is found outside the CBD and is common along major roads. 

Housing is even less competitive on the land market. So it tends to be further away from the centre, land comes cheaper and more spacious on the urban fringe. 

Towns and cities grow out from a historic nucleus, they show concentric zoning. There are four main features:

• Core – Oldest. CBD

• Inner-city Ring – old housing. Non-residential land uses

• Suburban Ring – suburbs. Housing

• Urban fringe - countryside being eroded by outward spread of cities.

There are also 3 more generalizations as one moves outwards from the core:

• Age of built up area decreases

• Style of architecture and urban design change

• Density of development decreases

Renewable Energy Sources GCSE Geography

Renewable Energy Sources

HEP

Advantages

• Water is widely available in remote upland areas

• Very Clean

• Cheap Power and Easy to Run

• Reservoirs can be multipurpose –( power, tourism, water supply, irrigation)

Disadvantages

• Resevoirs flood valleys- loss of land and villages

• Areas flooded may be scenic – loss of amenity and habitats

• Problems caused by the build up of silt behind the dam

• Very Expensive to Build

Comments

• Uses fast flowing water to turn turbines which then convert it into electrical energy

Wind Power

Advantages

Very clean, no air pollution

Cheap to run and generally quiet

Disadvantages

• Some people think that turbines are visually polluting

• Wind is not constant and will drop

• Huge areas of turbines are needed to produce much power

Comments

• Widespread use in only few areas – Denmark,California

• Improving with more advanced technology

Solar Power

Advantages

• Cheap to run. Clean and efficient

• No noise or air pollution

Disadvantages

• Less useful in cloudy countries

• Costly to install-high tech

Comments

• Can be used on small scale- not yet feasible for large scale oirduction of power

Tidal Power

Advantages

• Clean and Cheap to run

• Can produce large quantities of electricity

Disadvantages

• Very few sites are suitable

• Affects wildlife habitats in estuary

• Expensive to build

Comments

• Needs high tidal range in a narrow estuary- Severn Estuary a possibility

Geothermal

Advantage

• Clean and Efficient with a contant supply of hot water

Disadvantages

• Some polluting gas produced as by-product

• Only available in geothermal active areas

Comment

• There are many sites around the world – eg. Iceland and Japan

High Tech Industries GCSE Case Study Geography

High Tech Industries Case Study

Cambridge Science Park

Over half the employees have a degree

Seventy Organisations based at the park

Reasons for Location

·         Prestige- worldwide reputation of Cambridge University for excellence in Science and Technology

·         Links with University for use of technology and the latest ideas

·         Highly skilled and quality workforce

·         Attractive and well landscaped site to create a good image, impress clients and attract a workforce

·         Transport- motorway links for supplies and for customers.

·         Agglomeration of ideas with other companies located very close to eachother.

Because High Tech industries are footloose there are also some unimportant factors

·         Access to Raw Materials and power/energy links

·         Railway Links

M4 Corridor

Advantages

1.     The motorway system, which allows easy access to all parts of the United Kingdom.

2.     Easy access, via the roads, to the Channel Tunnel and ports to allow export abroad.

3.     The close proximity of Heathrow, Gatwick, Stanstead and Luton airports, all of which could be used to export products.

4.     The skilled workforce found in university towns of Oxford, Cambridge, Reading and Bristol.

5.     Close proximity and good access to London, where the major government functions and financial trading occurs.

6.     The concentration of other industries means that ideas and knowledge could be shared, there will be a concentration of suitable skilled labour and transport costs may be reduced between agglomerated industries.

7.     A very attractive natural environment, which would provide a very pleasant place to live for the workers. Areas such as the Cotswolds and the Mendip Hills are in easy reach of the Sunrise Strip.

Vernalis

Vernalis is a British based biotechnology company. The head office is based in Reading along the M4 Corridor but their R&D is based in Cambridge Science Park.

Factors influencing the location of bio-tech industry (globally; think: socio-economic & physical)

There are two main categories of factors affecting the location of bio-tech industry

Socio-Economic

Capital- Biotech industries require a vast amount of money to actually get started and set-up

Communications- Very important for biotechnology as most companies need to not only be connected to the rest of the country but also the world. This also includes access to the internet, fax and telephones

Government Policy- Governments can offer tax incentives, heap rent and other benefits to try and attract companies to a location.

Labour Supply- This was very important to old labour industries as they needed their workforce to be nearby. But with increased car ownership this is not still the case. The biotech industry however tends to be located near skilled workers, e.g. a University as they want to attract these intelligent graduates.

Markets- Access to Market is Vital as every company needs consumers. However the market for many companies is now global.

Physical

Accessibility- the site needs to be accessible so that imports and exports are easy. Access is needed to transport routes

Land- Flat land is essential. Room for expansion is also suite important so they do not tend to be in the city centre.

Climate - not so important but if the climate is good then it will attract workers

Raw Materials- Heavy industry required a lot of raw material but the new high tech industry is footloose and so does not need to be close to raw materials

Power- Originally industry had to locate next to a river as it was a power source. But now as we have the national grid power is not so influential.

Ethiopia, China, UK GCSE Case Study Geography

Ethiopia-A poor LIC

• Ethiopia is ranked 170 out of 177 countries in terms of its level of development
• This makes it one of the poorest and least developed countries in the world
• Located in Sub-Saharan Africa
• Its economy is based on the primary sector mostly Africa
• The primary sector accounts for 75% of all the employment in Ethiopia but only 44% of GDP
• This reflects that agriculture in Ethiopia is mainly subsistence farming
• The most import crop for export is coffee. However with drought coomn and a war with the their   neighbours Eritrea this has caused coffee poriduction to become very unpredictable
• Over 75% of Ethiopians live in rural areas.
• This explains why there is so little employment in the tertiary sector
• The small tertiary sector accounts for almost as much as the primary sector when it comes to GDP
• The country lacks mineral resources and the capital necessary for industrialisatipon
• Ethiopia has yet to make much progress up the development staircase.

China-A rapidly emerging Economy

• China is a giant country iin terms of area and population
• It is now the second largest exonomy in the world.
• It is still a lower-middle income country
• The secondary sector has been driving much of China’s development
• Its industrial success is based mainly on cheap labour and energy.
• This wealth is encouraging growth in the tertiary secotor
• The primary sector still employs a large number of workers.
• However this sectors contribution to gdp is shrinking, fast

UK- a post-industrial economy

• The UK was the world’s first industrial nation.
• It lead the industrial revolution.
• Backthen, manufacturing produced 40% of the country’s wealth and a third of its workforce
• Today, however it poriduces 24% and employs 18%
• This is as a result in the global shift In manufacturing
• The country has experienced de industrialisation
• Many of the goods once made in Uk are now made in China,India and other countries.
• Nowadays the Uk’s economy is service based.
• The tertiary sector porivides jobs for 80% of thw workers. It creates 75% of the national wealth
• Uk farming produces 60% of the country’s food supply
• The low labour percentage is due to mechanisation
• Low GDP percentage reflects the difference in price from farm products to manufactured products and services.

Preparation of Salts GCSE Chemistry

Preparation of Salts

There are 3 major methods of preparing salts; however the method chosen depends on the solubility of the salt, and of the compounds which may be used to prepare it.

There are also some general rules when it comes to solubilities

• All common sodium, potassium ad ammonium compounds are soluble.
•   All common chlorides are soluble, except for silver and lead chlorides
•  All common sulphates are soluble except for lead barium and calcium sulphates
•   All common hydroxides are insoluble , except for sodium, potassium and ammonium hydroxides
•   All common nitrates are soluble

Preparing INSOLUBLE Salts

Precipitation is used to prepare insoluble salts. Two solutions are mixed each containing one of the two ions required to form the salt. When these two solutions are mix the ions combine and form the insoluble salt- simple! The precipitate is then filtered off, washed with a little distilled water and then left to air dry.

Example: The preparation of Barium Sulphate.

First we need two solutions, one with the barium ions and the other with the sulphate ions. AS we can see from the solubility table all nitrates and sodium compounds are soluble so we will use barium nitrate and sodium sulphate. When the two solutions are mixed the barium sulphate precipitates out.

Equation

Ba(NO₃)_{2 (aq)} + Na₂SO_{4 (aq)} à BaSO₄ (s) +2NaNO_3(aq)

Ionic Equation

Ba²⁺ _(aq) + SO₄^2- _(aq) à BaSO₄ (s)

As the other ions present remain unchanged in solution and do not react they are called “spectator ions”. Spectator ions are not included in ionic equations.

Preparing SOLUBLE Salts from an ACID and a SOLUBLE base

Titration is used to prepare soluble salts from an acid and a soluble base (i.e. an alkali). Often to prepare sodium, potassium and ammonium salts titration is used.

A known volume of the acid (commonly 25 cm³) is measured into a conical flask using a pipette. An indicator, such as phenolphthalein, is then added. The alkali is placed in a burette, and then slowly added to the conical flask containing acid drop by drop. When the indicator changes colour this shows that the acid has been neutralised, the volume of alkali that has neutralised the alkali is then recorded. The process is the repeated to obtain an accurate, average value. Once the exact volume of alkali required is known the process is repeated without the indicator to get a neutral pure salt solution.

N.B. It doesn’t matter whether the acid placed in the conical flask and the alkali is added from the burette, or vice-versa.

To obtain the salt from the solution you warm the solution gently until half the water is boiled off to concentrate the solution, then the remainder is allowed to cool, and to evaporate slowly forming large crystals.

Example: Making Sodium Chloride

Sodium Chloride is a chloride soluble salt as all sodium compounds are soluble and must be made by titration. To make a chloride salt hydrochloric acid must be used. Let’s use Sodium Hydroxide as the alkali containing sodium.

Preparing SOLUBLE Salts from an INSOLUBLE Base

The Reaction of an acid with an insoluble base (or a suitably reactive metal) is used to prepare soluble salts from an insoluble base (a metal oxide or carbonate). The appropriate acid is warmed with a Bunsen burner and a small portion of the appropriate metal oxide or carbonate (which must be insoluble) is added to the warm acid and stirred. The oxide or carbonated reacts with the acid, forming a soluble salt and appears to dissolve in the acid. Note- If a carbonate is used then effervescence will also occur as CO₂ is produced. More of the base is then added, a little at a time, with stirring. When the acid has all been neutralised, the base has nothing to react with and will sink to the bottom of the beaker unreacted, this can then be filtered off. You are then left with the pure salt solution.

The same process can also be used with a moderately reactive metal, e.g. using zinc and nitric acid to make zinc nitrate. Again, fizzing will be observed as hydrogen gas is produced.

To obtain the salt from this solution it is warmed gently until half the water is boiled off to concentrate the solution, then the remainder is allowed to cool, and to evaporate slowly forming large crystals.

Example: Making copper (II) sulphate

As it is a sulphate salt sulphuric acid must be used. Copper (II) Sulphate is soluble, so precipitation won’t work. Copper (II) Hydroxide is insoluble, so titration won’t work.

Excess copper (II) oxide is added to warm sulphuric acid, forming blue copper (II) sulphate solution. The excess copper (II) oxide is filtered off. The copper (II) Sulphate is then evaporated to form blue crystals. Copper (II) Carbonate could also have been used, as it is also insoluble.

What is an Isotope? GCSE Isotopes Revision Video

The following video introduces us to what is an Isotope

Alexander Sources GCSE Ancient History

Ancient History GCSE : Sources – Details

Source Content

General Content	Source
Alexander`s Youth	Plutarch 2-9
Gaugamela	Plutarch 31-33
Death of Cleitus	Plutarch 50-51
Build-up to and death of Alexander	Plutarch 73-77
Philip and assassination	Diodorus Siculus 16.91 -16.94
A`s arrival in Persia (Troy)	Arrian 11-12
Granicus	Arrian 13-16
Gordian Knot	Arrian 2.3
Siege of Tyre	Arrian 2.18-24
Gaugamela	Arrian 3.9-15
Death of Cletus	Arrian 4.8-9
Callisthenes and obeisance	Arrian 4.10-12
Mass-marriages : Susa	Arrian 7.4
Death of Hephaestion	Arrian 7.14
Build-up to and death of Alexander	Arrian 7.24-26
Alexander Summary	Arrian 7.28-30
Battle Issus	House of Faun Mosaic / Alexander Sarcophagus
Alexander Images	Herm of Alexander  /  Alex on horseback sculpture (Granicus?)
Post-death Deification / use of image	Lysimachus coin   / Ptolemy coin

List the sources which recount the same / similar episodes:

Episode	Source (1)	Source (2)
Gaugamela
Death of Cleitus
Death of Alexander