Tuesday, 15 January 2013
What is an Isotope? GCSE Isotopes Revision Video
The following video introduces us to what is an Isotope
Friday, 4 January 2013
Alexander Sources GCSE Ancient History
Ancient History
GCSE : Sources – Details
Source Content
General Content
|
Source
|
Alexander`s Youth
|
Plutarch 2-9
|
Plutarch 31-33
|
|
Death of Cleitus
|
Plutarch 50-51
|
Build-up to and
death of Alexander
|
Plutarch 73-77
|
Philip and
assassination
|
Diodorus Siculus
16.91 -16.94
|
A`s arrival in
Persia (Troy)
|
Arrian 11-12
|
Granicus
|
Arrian 13-16
|
Gordian Knot
|
Arrian 2.3
|
Siege of
|
Arrian 2.18-24
|
Arrian 3.9-15
|
|
Death of Cletus
|
Arrian 4.8-9
|
Callisthenes and
obeisance
|
Arrian 4.10-12
|
Mass-marriages :
|
Arrian 7.4
|
Death of Hephaestion
|
Arrian 7.14
|
Build-up to and
death of Alexander
|
Arrian 7.24-26
|
Alexander Summary
|
Arrian 7.28-30
|
House of Faun Mosaic
/ Alexander Sarcophagus
|
|
Alexander Images
|
Herm of
Alexander / Alex on horseback sculpture (Granicus?)
|
Post-death
Deification / use of image
|
Lysimachus coin / Ptolemy coin
|
List the sources which recount the same /
similar episodes:
Episode
|
Source (1)
|
Source (2)
|
Death of Cleitus
|
||
Death of Alexander
|
Cyclone Sidr Factsheet GCSE Geography
NUMBERS
AT A GLANCE* SOURCE – 27th Nov 2007 (12 days later)
The
situation
On
November 15, Tropical Cyclone Sidr made landfall in southern Bangladesh Bangladesh
Total
Affected Population: 2,997 dead, 1,724 missing, 6,770,456 affected
Houses
Damaged or Destroyed: 1,178,974 houses damaged or destroyed
US
aid provision $4,042,635
CURRENT
SITUATION
•
Relief agencies reported that immediate needs vary in affected areas. While
food and safe drinking water are some of the most pressing humanitarian needs
for cyclone-affected families along the coastal districts and sandbar islands,
communities further inland need agricultural recovery and livelihoods
assistance, particularly in agricultural production and the fishing industry.
•Food
Security According to the U.N., the
cyclone affected more than 1.6 million acres of agricultural lands. The U.N.
also reported that the cyclone disrupted the access to food markets, affecting
local food security, coupled with the
high prices of fuel on the international market, is impacting the livelihoods
of affected populations.
•
In response, the U.N. World Food Program (WFP) has committed 171 MT of high
energy biscuits to Save the Children for distribution to cyclone-affected
areas. for women and children under two years of age. Also distributed $740,000
of Food Aid commodities in Bangladesh
· Shelter
and Settlements: According to the GOB’s
Disaster Management Bureau, Tropical Cyclone Sidr damaged or destroyed
approximately 1.2 million houses. On November 20, emergency relief supplies included including 300
rolls of plastic sheeting, 5,000 blankets, 2,500 hygiene kits, and 2,500 water
containers for affected communities.
•
WASH Dhaka on November 27. Allocated 1,000 water purifying
filters to affected communities in Bagerhat, Barguna, Patuakhali, and Pirojpur
districts.
Cyclone
Relief Programs
distributing
$740,000 of P.L. 480 Title II Food Aid commodities in Bangladesh
•
The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) is also assisting with relief efforts in Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh
Preparedness
and Mitigation Programs
•
According to OCHA, the GOB’s early warning and preparedness systems greatly
reduced the humanitarian impact of Cyclone Sidr. Approximately 3.2 million
people were evacuated and supplies were stockpiled, OCHA reported.
•
USAID has a longstanding commitment of investing in preparedness and mitigation
programs in Bangladesh
•
Over the past decade, two USAID/OFDA programs have worked to reduce the effects
of flooding in Bangladesh
•
USAID-funded disaster preparedness mechanisms already in-country before the
storm include 16 zodiac boats, 6 water treatment systems, and 10 water
ambulances used for emergency operations. USAID partners CARE and SC/US pre-positioned
30,000 emergency survival packages, as well as food stockpiles, to facilitate
distribution after the storm passed.
•
Through regional preparedness programs, USAID/OFDA has contributed to
strengthen emergency response capacity in Bangladesh Chittagong
USAID
HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE TO BANGLADESH
FY
2008
Implementing
Partner
Activity
Location
Amount
USAID/OFDA
ASSISTANCE1
CARE
Emergency
Relief Activities
Affected
Areas
$30,000
CARE
and SC/US
Emergency
Relief Supplies
Affected
Areas
$252,175
IFRC
Shelter,
Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene
Affected
Areas
$1,000,000
Multiple
NGO Partners
Emergency
Relief Activities
Affected
Areas
$1,000,000
Multiple
NGO Partners
Emergency
Relief Supplies
Affected
Areas
$303,160
SC/US
Emergency
Relief Activities
Affected
Areas
$70,000
Administrative
Support
Affected
Areas
$147,300
DOD
Transportation
of Emergency Relief Supplies
Affected
Areas
$500,000
TOTAL
USAID/OFDA
$3,302,635
USAID/FFP
ASSISTANCE
CARE
P.L.
480 Title II Food Aid
Affected
Areas
$740,000
TOTAL
USAID HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE TO BANGLADESH
$4,042,635
1
USAID/OFDA funding represents anticipated or actual obligated amounts as of
November 23, 2007.
PUBLIC
DONATION INFORMATION
•
The
most effective way people can assist relief efforts is by making cash
contributions to humanitarian organizations that are conducting relief
operations. A list of humanitarian organizations that are accepting cash
donations for the cyclone response efforts in Bangladesh
•
•
USAID
encourages cash donations because they allow aid professionals to procure the
exact items needed (often in the affected region); reduce the burden on scarce
resources (such as transportation routes, staff time, warehouse space, etc.);
can be transferred very quickly and without transportation costs; support the
economy of the disaster-stricken region; and ensure culturally, dietary, and
environmentally appropriate assistance.
More
information can be found at:
o
USAID: www.usaid.gov – Keyword: Donations
o
The Center for International Disaster Information: www.cidi.org or (703)
276-1914
o
Information on relief activities of the humanitarian community can be found at
www.reliefweb.int
USAID/OFDA
bulletins appear on the USAID web site at
http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/disaster_assistance/
Katrina Factsheet GCSE Geography
Hurricane Katrina
Fact Sheet 2006!!
Response
Number of people
sheltered in the Superdome before evacuation: approximately 23,000
Number of people the
building’s personnel and supplies could adequately care for:
approximately 1,000
people
Number of people who
took shelter in the New Orleans
Convention Center
3000
Number of days before
FEMA head Michael Brown was aware that people had been evacuated
to the Convention
Center: 3
Number of days before
U.S.
Number of people
rescued by the Coast Guard from flooded areas and rooftops: 4,000
Number of people
transported out of New Orleans
per hour
Number of airlines
who evacuated residents out of New Orleans : 12
(biggest U.S.
ever)
Number of foreign
nations offering to help U.S.
Amount committed to
Katrina relief by the federal government: $85 billion
Amount spent by FEMA
to date specifically on housing assistance for hurricane victims: $3.31
billion
Amount spent by FEMA
to date on operating expenses, including salaries and expense
accounts: $6
billion
Infrastructure
Number of housing
units damaged, destroyed, or inaccessible because of Katrina: 850,791
Number of churches,
synagogues, and mosques damaged or destroyed: approximately 900
Percentage of homes
in New Orleans
Percentage of New Orleans
Amount of debris yet
to be picked up: 1/3
Percentage of bus
routes now operational: 49%
Percentage of buses
back in service: 17%
Amount given to Louisiana
Amount given for
traditional public schools damaged by the storm: $0
Percentage of
child-care facilities yet to reopen: 79%
Percentage of 8-mi
Twin Span bridge connecting New Orleans with Slidell , LA
into Lake Pontchartrain : 40%
Number of destroyed
miles on U.S. Highway 90 running along Gulf
Coast between New Orleans
and Pascagoula , MS
Amount of federal
funding requested by the Army Corps of Engineers for Louisiana
hurricane/flood
protection programs in 2004: $105 million
Amount of money they
actually received: $40 million
Amount of federal
funding recently sent to Alaska
uninhabited island: $231
million
Amount of money sent
by Homeland Security to states to combat natural disasters: $180 million
Number of major
disasters declared by the federal government since 1995: 562
People/Human Rights
Number of deaths
resulting from Katrina: 1836
Percentage of
Katrina-related deaths of people aged 60 or older: 70%
Percentage of New Orleans
Area covered by
federal disaster declarations (in square miles): approximately 90,000
Size of the United Kingdom
Percentage of city
that was underwater: 80%
Number of days parts
of city remained flooded: 43
Depth of water
covering parts of New Orleans
Number of internally
displaced persons (IDPs) worldwide: 25 million
Number of persons
displaced by Katrina from Louisiana
Estimated number of
displaced residents aged 65 or older: 88,000
Environment
Amount of federal
spending designated to rebuild New
Orleans
Gallons of oil
spilled in Louisiana
Hurricanes Katrina
and Rita: 10.5 million
Gallons spilled from
1989 Exxon Valdez disaster in Alaska
Gallons of crude oil
contaminating 2,500 Louisiana
Estimated portion of
oil spilled by Katrina recovered through cleanup efforts: 50% to 70%
Portion of flood
sediment samples analyzed after Katrina and Rita in Alabama ,
Louisiana
Estimated cost to
clean up lead-contaminated New Orleans
and planting grass: $290.4
million
Estimated annual cost
of New Orleans
problems related to
health, education and crime: $76 million
Gallons of water the
New Orleans water system loses each day due to breaks caused by Katrina and an
under funded repair budget: 85 million
Daily cost to the
city from the leaks: $196,350
Health
Percentage of physicians
who have left the city: 50%
Number of nurses
gone: approximately 1,000
Number of hospitals
in Orleans Parish before Hurricanes Katrina and Rita: 22
Number operating as
of August 2006: 11
Percentage of adults
in Louisiana
Percentage of
children with at least one chronic health condition requiring treatment: 34%
Percentage of these
children left without a medical provider: 50%
Percentage of
children preschool who failed hearing tests due to health problems from Katrina
“crud”: 75%
Number of HIV/AIDS
patients served by outpatient clinics in the Charity Hospital
the storms: 3,500 Number
currently receiving care: 1,200
Out of nine before
Katrina, number of rural clinics lost by Coastal Family Health Care, a nonprofit
serving the uninsured in Mississippi
In September 2005,
days that federal officials said it would take to help Coastal rebuild three of
their clinics: 12-18
As of August 2006,
number that had been rebuilt: 0
Percentage of mental
health professionals who have left the city: 89%
Number of calls
involving mentally ill people that the New Orleans Police Department Mobile
Crisis Unit receives
each week: 180
Number of psychiatric
in-patient beds in the New Orleans
Number available as
of August 2006: 80
Estimated number of
post-traumatic stress disorder cases in the state of Louisiana
300,000
Approximate percent
increase in New Orleans
Culture
Percentage of New Orleans
Estimated number of
working musicians in New Orleans
Estimated number of
musicians in New Orleans
Rebuilding Contracts
Minimum value of
contracts federal agencies have awarded to private companies for work
related to Katrina
and Rita: $9.7 billion
Amount given out by
FEMA for storm-related contracts: $3.4 billion
Percent of those
contracts awarded with little or no competition: 80%
Percentage of FEMA
contracts by mid-November 2005 that went to firms in Alabama ,
Louisiana , and Mississippi
Year that Landstar
Express America, a Florida
for providing
evacuation buses for national disasters: 2002
Days after the mayor
of New Orleans
buses: 2
Days after Hurricane
Katrina struck that evacuation buses arrived at the New Orleans
Convention Center: 4
Housing
Number of homes
destroyed by breaches in federally designed and funded levees and not
covered under the
federal housing recovery plan: 200,000
Number of
single-family homes sold in the New
Orleans
3,659
Percentage by which
this exceeds the number sold during the first quarter of 2005: 28%
Average percentage by
which the price of these homes has increased: 20
Number of rental
units lost: 43,000
Percentage increase
in rental rates after Katrina: 39%
Number of
storm-affected households approved for housing assistance: 946,597
Months after Katrina
that federal money for housing was approved: 10
Total federal funds
dispersed so far to rebuild homes: $0
Number of homeowners
in Louisiana
Percentage of money
that has been distributed: 0%
Percentage of
homeowners still awaiting Small Business Association disaster loan approval: 50%
Percentage of New Orleans
Number of people
still (1 year on) living in trailers: 94,000
Trailers still needed
in Mississippi
Trailers still needed
in the New Orleans
Trailers occupied in
the New Orleans
Unused trailers
waiting in Hope , Arkansas
Trailers needing
repair 34,000
Employment
Number of jobs
eliminated in the Gulf
Coast
Permanent employment
loss in Louisiana
Percentage of jobs
lost immediately post- Katrina: 50%
A year after Katrina,
percentage by which New Orleans
Economic Impact
Estimated Cost of
damages: $81.2 billion (costliest hurricane in history)
Estimated total
economic impact: $200 billion
Percentage of
businesses damaged or destroyed in Louisiana
Percentage of New Orleans
Small business
disaster loans processed by December 2005: 10!!
Oil production area
in Louisiana
Natural gas
production area in Louisiana
Amount of nation's
oil produced by U.S. Gulf Coast region: 33%
Amount of nation's
natural gas produced by U.S. Gulf Coast region: 20%
Percentage of US
grain exports handled by U.S. Gulf Coast region: 60
Number of ports in
the Gulf Coast
region ranked in the Top 12 of the U.S.
Fraction of Louisiana
Percentage
of Louisiana 's tourism income coming from New Orleans
Sagae Thessalae Translation
iuvenis ego Mileto
profectus ad spectaculum Olympicum, cum haec etiam loca provincae clarae
visitare cuperem, peragrata tota Thessalia Larissam perveni. ac dum urbem
perarrans tenuato viatico paupertati meae fomenta quaero, medio in foro senem
conspicio. insistebat lapidem magnaque voce praedicabat, si quis mortuum
custodire vellet, magnum praemium accepturum esse. et cuidam praetereunti ‘quid
hoc’ inquam ‘audio? hic mortui solent aufugere?’
‘tace,’ respondit ille. ‘nam puer et satis peregrinus es, meritoque nescis in Thessalia te esse, ubi sagae ora mortuorum semper demorsicant, quae sunt illis artis magicae supplementa.’
contra ego ‘quali custodela’ inquam ‘opus est?’
‘iam primum’ respondit ille ‘ totam noctem eximie vigilandum est apertis et inconivis oculis semper in cadaver intentis, nec acies usquam devertenda est, cum illae pessimae sagae latenter arrepant, forma in quodvis animal conversa. nam et aves et canes et mures, immo vero etiam muscas, induunt.’
As a young man having set out from Miletus to the Olympic Games, since I wanted to visit these places of the famous province as well, I travelled through the whole of Thessaly and reached Larissa. And while wandering through the city, my travel money having diminished, I’m looking for remedies for my poverty and catch sight of an old man in the middle of the forum. He was standing on a stone and proclaiming with a loud voice that if anyone wanted to guard a dead man, he would receive a big reward. I say to the chap as he goes past ‘What’s this I hear? Do the dead here usually run away?’
‘Be quiet,’ the man replies, ‘for you are a boy and a mere foreigner, and naturally you do not know that you are in Thessaly, where witches always bite pieces out of the faces of the dead which are for them extra ingredients to their magic art.’ In reply I say ‘What sort of protection is needed?’
‘First of all’, he replied, ‘you must stay awake for the whole night, your eyes open and unsleeping always fixed on the corpse, nor must you ever turn away your gaze when really evil witches creep up secretly, their shape changed into some animal. For they take the form of birds and dogs and mice and indeed even flies.’
The man ends with a warning that if someone fails to deliver the body intact in the morning, he is forced to replace missing pieces of flesh with pieces sliced from his own face.
his cognitis animum meum commasculo et statim accedens senem ‘clamare’ inquam ‘iam desine. adest custos paratus.’ vix finieram et statim me perducit ad domum quandam, ubi demonstrat matronam flebilem fuscis vestimentis conectam. illa surrexit et ad cubiculum me induxit. ibi corpus splendentibus linteis coopertum manu revelavit. ubi singula anxie demonstravit, exiit.
Having found this out, I strengthened my resolve and, immediately approaching the old man, I say ‘Now stop shouting. Your guard is here ready for action.’ I had scarcely finished when he immediately he led me along to a certain house where he shows me a woman weeping, wrapped in dark clothes. She got up and led me to a bedroom. There with her hand she revealed the body covered in shining white sheets. When anxiously she showed me its features, she left.
Thelyphron begins his vigil.
sic desolatus ad cadaveris solacium, perfrictis oculis et paratis ad vigiliam, dum animum meum permulcebam cantatoinibus, usque ad mediam noctem pervigilabam. tum autem mihi formido cumulatior cum repente intropens mustela contra me constitit oculosque in me fixit. tanat fiducia in tantulo animal mihi turbavit animum. denique sic illi ‘abi’ inquam ‘scelesta bestia, antequam meam vim celeriter experiaris! abi!’
Thus left alone to comfort the corpse, having rubbed my eyes and prepared them for guard duty, while I was soothing my nerves by singing, I stayed awake until the middle of the night. Then, however, I was having an increasing dread when suddenly a weasel creeping in stopped in front of me and fixed its eyes onto me. Such a great self-confidence in so small an animal upset my resolve. Finally I speak to it in this way: ‘Go away you wicked beast, before you quickly experience my force. Go away!’
mustela terga vertit et e cubiculo protinus exit. sine mora somnus tam profundus me repente demergit, ut ne deus quidem Delphicus ipse facile discernere posset ex duobus nobis iacentibus, quis esset magis mortuus.
tandem prima luce expergitus et magno pavore perterritus cadaver accurro, et admoto lumine revelatoque eius vultu, omnia diligenter inspicio: nihil deest. ecce uxor misera flens introrumpit: cadavere inspecto reddit sine mora praemium.
The weasel turns its back and straightaway goes out from the bedroom. Without delay, such a deep sleep suddenly overwhelms me that not even Apollo himself could easily distinguish between the two of us lying there who was the more dead.
At length, having been woken at dawn and utterly scared with great terror, I run up to the corpse and, bringing a light near and revealing his face, I examine him carefully: nothing is missing. See, his poor wife bursts in weeping: having examined the corpse, she pays me my reward without hesitation.
While I was recovering my strength in the street next to the house, the body was brought out. Because it was the body of one of the leading citizens, it was carried in a procession around the forum according to local custom. As this was taking place, an old man suddenly appeared. He was weeping and tearing out his fine white hair. He ran up to the bier and embraced it. Amid sobs and groans he cried out:
‘per fidem vestram’ inquit ‘cives, per pietatem publicam, perempto civi subsistite et extremum facinus istius feminae nefariae scelestaeque severiter vindicate. haec enim nec ullus alius miserum iuvenem, sororis meae fillium, in adulteri gratiam et ob praedam hereditariam exstinxit veneno.’
illa, lacrimis effusis quamque sanctissime poterat adiurans cunctos deos, tantum slceus abnuebat. ergo senex ille: ‘veritatis arbitrium in divinam providentiam ponamus. Zatchlas adest Aegyptius propheta notissimus, qui mihi promisit se pro magno praemio spiritum istius cadaveris paulisper ab inferis reducturum esse corpusque animaturum.
‘For the sake of your honour’, the old man says, ‘citizens, for the sake of public duty, help this murdered citizen and punish severely the vilest of crimes done by that wicked woman. For this woman and no other person has killed with poison this wretched young man, my sister’s son, for the gratification of adultery and on account of a profitable inheritance.’
She, with tears falling down her cheeks and as piously as she could calling all the gods to witness, began to deny so great a crime. Therefore that old man said ‘let us put the judgement of the truth to divine providence. The Egyptian Zatchlas is present, a very well-known prophet who has promised me that he, for a sizeable reward, will bring back from the dead the spirit of that corpse for a little while and will bring the body back to life.’
The prophet was stirred into action. He took a special herb and laid it three times on the mouth of the dead man. Then he took another and put it on his breast. Then he turned to face the east and in silence prayed to the scared disc of the rising sun. The people waited in expectation of a miracle.
immitto me turbae et pone ipsum lectulum lapidem insistens omnia curiosis oculis spectabam. iam tumore pectus cadaveris extolli, iam spiritu corpus impleri. et surgit cadaver et profatur ‘cur, oro, me post Lethaea pocula iam Stygiis paludibus innatantem ad momentariae vitae officia reducitis? desine iam, precor, desine, ac me in meam quietem permitte.’
I push myself into the crowd and standing behind the stone bier itself, I began watching everything with curious eyes. At one moment, the chest of the corpse was being raised by a swelling, at another the body was being filled with breath. The corpse both gets up and speaks out: ‘Why, I beg, are you bringing me back, after drinking from the waters of Lethe and as I now embark onto the Stygian pools, for the duties of a short-lived life? Cease now, I pray, and allow me back into my rest.’
haec vox de corpore audita est, sed propheta aliquanto commotior ‘quin narras’ inquit ‘populo omnia de morte tua?’
Respondet ille de lectulo et imo cum gemitu populum sic adloquitur: ‘malis novae nuptae artibus peremptus et addictus noxio poculo, torum terpentem adultero reddidi. dabo vobis documenta veritatis perlucida, et quod prorsus alius nemo cognoverit vel ominaverit indicabo.’
The voice was heard from the body, but the prophet, somewhat more forcefully, said ‘Why don’t you tell the people everything about your death?’
He replies from the bier and with a deep groan addresses the people thus: ‘murdered by the evil arts of my new bride and a victim of her poisoned cup, I yielded by warm bed to her adulterer. I will give you clear proof of the truth and I will show you what no one else could find out or predict.’
tunc digito me demonstrans: ‘nam cum corporis mei custos hic sagacissimus exsertam vigilam mihi teneret, sagae quaedam exuviis meis imminentes forma mutata apparuerunt. cum industriam sedulam eius fallere non potuissent, postremo iniecta somni nebula eum in profundam quietem sepeliverunt. tum me nomine excitare coeperunt neque prius desierunt quam dum hebetes artus mei et membra frigida ad artis magicae obsequia segniter nituntur. hic autem, qui vivus erat, et tantum sopore mortuus, idem mecum nomen forte habet.
Then, pointing me out with his finger, he said: ‘For when this keen-witted guard of my body was holding his intensive vigil for me, certain witches, eager for my remains, appeared in changed form. When they were not able to deceive his determined diligence, finally they threw upon him a cloud of sleep that buried him into a deep slumber. Then they began to wake me by name and they didn’t stop until my sluggish limbs struggled slowly to obey the commands of their magic art. This man, however, who was alive and only dead asleep, by chance has this same name as me.
ad suum nomen igitur ignarus exsurgit, et, in exanimis umbrae modum ultro gradiens, ianuam adit. quamquam fores cubiculi diligenter occlusae erant, per quoddam foramen prosectis naso prius ac mox auribus prosectarum formatam aurium ei applicant nasumque similem prosecto comparant. et nunc stat miser hic, praemium non industriae sed lanienae consecutus.’
At the sound of his name, therefore, he unwittingly gets up and, in the manner of a lifeless ghost walking mechanically, approaches the door. Although the door of the bedroom had been carefully locked, through e certain hole, his nose and ears having been cut off, he suffered the mutilation instead of me. Them the witches attach to him wax formed into the shape of the cut-off ears and provide a similar nose the one cut off. And now the wretched fellow stands here, having earned a reward not for his diligence but for a mutilation.
his dictis perterritus temptare formam incipio. manu nasum perhendo: sequitur; aures pertracto: deruunt. ac dum turba directis digitis et nutibus me donatat, inter pedes cirumstantium frigido sudore defluens effugio. nec postea sic debilis ac sic ridiculus ad patriam redire potui, sed capillis hinc inde deiectis aurium vulnera celavi, nasi vero dedecus linteolo isto decenter obtexi.
Thoroughly petrified by these words, I begin to examine my face. I grasp my nose with my hand: it comes away; I touch my ears: they fall off. And while the crowd identifies me with pointing fingers and nods, I escape between the feet of the bystanders, dripping with cold sweat. Nor afterwards, so maimed and so ridiculous, could I return to my native land, but with my hair grown long on both sides I hid the wounds of my ears, and what is more, the humiliating condition of my nose, I covered up decently with this patch.
‘tace,’ respondit ille. ‘nam puer et satis peregrinus es, meritoque nescis in Thessalia te esse, ubi sagae ora mortuorum semper demorsicant, quae sunt illis artis magicae supplementa.’
contra ego ‘quali custodela’ inquam ‘opus est?’
‘iam primum’ respondit ille ‘ totam noctem eximie vigilandum est apertis et inconivis oculis semper in cadaver intentis, nec acies usquam devertenda est, cum illae pessimae sagae latenter arrepant, forma in quodvis animal conversa. nam et aves et canes et mures, immo vero etiam muscas, induunt.’
As a young man having set out from Miletus to the Olympic Games, since I wanted to visit these places of the famous province as well, I travelled through the whole of Thessaly and reached Larissa. And while wandering through the city, my travel money having diminished, I’m looking for remedies for my poverty and catch sight of an old man in the middle of the forum. He was standing on a stone and proclaiming with a loud voice that if anyone wanted to guard a dead man, he would receive a big reward. I say to the chap as he goes past ‘What’s this I hear? Do the dead here usually run away?’
‘Be quiet,’ the man replies, ‘for you are a boy and a mere foreigner, and naturally you do not know that you are in Thessaly, where witches always bite pieces out of the faces of the dead which are for them extra ingredients to their magic art.’ In reply I say ‘What sort of protection is needed?’
‘First of all’, he replied, ‘you must stay awake for the whole night, your eyes open and unsleeping always fixed on the corpse, nor must you ever turn away your gaze when really evil witches creep up secretly, their shape changed into some animal. For they take the form of birds and dogs and mice and indeed even flies.’
The man ends with a warning that if someone fails to deliver the body intact in the morning, he is forced to replace missing pieces of flesh with pieces sliced from his own face.
his cognitis animum meum commasculo et statim accedens senem ‘clamare’ inquam ‘iam desine. adest custos paratus.’ vix finieram et statim me perducit ad domum quandam, ubi demonstrat matronam flebilem fuscis vestimentis conectam. illa surrexit et ad cubiculum me induxit. ibi corpus splendentibus linteis coopertum manu revelavit. ubi singula anxie demonstravit, exiit.
Having found this out, I strengthened my resolve and, immediately approaching the old man, I say ‘Now stop shouting. Your guard is here ready for action.’ I had scarcely finished when he immediately he led me along to a certain house where he shows me a woman weeping, wrapped in dark clothes. She got up and led me to a bedroom. There with her hand she revealed the body covered in shining white sheets. When anxiously she showed me its features, she left.
Thelyphron begins his vigil.
sic desolatus ad cadaveris solacium, perfrictis oculis et paratis ad vigiliam, dum animum meum permulcebam cantatoinibus, usque ad mediam noctem pervigilabam. tum autem mihi formido cumulatior cum repente intropens mustela contra me constitit oculosque in me fixit. tanat fiducia in tantulo animal mihi turbavit animum. denique sic illi ‘abi’ inquam ‘scelesta bestia, antequam meam vim celeriter experiaris! abi!’
Thus left alone to comfort the corpse, having rubbed my eyes and prepared them for guard duty, while I was soothing my nerves by singing, I stayed awake until the middle of the night. Then, however, I was having an increasing dread when suddenly a weasel creeping in stopped in front of me and fixed its eyes onto me. Such a great self-confidence in so small an animal upset my resolve. Finally I speak to it in this way: ‘Go away you wicked beast, before you quickly experience my force. Go away!’
mustela terga vertit et e cubiculo protinus exit. sine mora somnus tam profundus me repente demergit, ut ne deus quidem Delphicus ipse facile discernere posset ex duobus nobis iacentibus, quis esset magis mortuus.
tandem prima luce expergitus et magno pavore perterritus cadaver accurro, et admoto lumine revelatoque eius vultu, omnia diligenter inspicio: nihil deest. ecce uxor misera flens introrumpit: cadavere inspecto reddit sine mora praemium.
The weasel turns its back and straightaway goes out from the bedroom. Without delay, such a deep sleep suddenly overwhelms me that not even Apollo himself could easily distinguish between the two of us lying there who was the more dead.
At length, having been woken at dawn and utterly scared with great terror, I run up to the corpse and, bringing a light near and revealing his face, I examine him carefully: nothing is missing. See, his poor wife bursts in weeping: having examined the corpse, she pays me my reward without hesitation.
While I was recovering my strength in the street next to the house, the body was brought out. Because it was the body of one of the leading citizens, it was carried in a procession around the forum according to local custom. As this was taking place, an old man suddenly appeared. He was weeping and tearing out his fine white hair. He ran up to the bier and embraced it. Amid sobs and groans he cried out:
‘per fidem vestram’ inquit ‘cives, per pietatem publicam, perempto civi subsistite et extremum facinus istius feminae nefariae scelestaeque severiter vindicate. haec enim nec ullus alius miserum iuvenem, sororis meae fillium, in adulteri gratiam et ob praedam hereditariam exstinxit veneno.’
illa, lacrimis effusis quamque sanctissime poterat adiurans cunctos deos, tantum slceus abnuebat. ergo senex ille: ‘veritatis arbitrium in divinam providentiam ponamus. Zatchlas adest Aegyptius propheta notissimus, qui mihi promisit se pro magno praemio spiritum istius cadaveris paulisper ab inferis reducturum esse corpusque animaturum.
‘For the sake of your honour’, the old man says, ‘citizens, for the sake of public duty, help this murdered citizen and punish severely the vilest of crimes done by that wicked woman. For this woman and no other person has killed with poison this wretched young man, my sister’s son, for the gratification of adultery and on account of a profitable inheritance.’
She, with tears falling down her cheeks and as piously as she could calling all the gods to witness, began to deny so great a crime. Therefore that old man said ‘let us put the judgement of the truth to divine providence. The Egyptian Zatchlas is present, a very well-known prophet who has promised me that he, for a sizeable reward, will bring back from the dead the spirit of that corpse for a little while and will bring the body back to life.’
The prophet was stirred into action. He took a special herb and laid it three times on the mouth of the dead man. Then he took another and put it on his breast. Then he turned to face the east and in silence prayed to the scared disc of the rising sun. The people waited in expectation of a miracle.
immitto me turbae et pone ipsum lectulum lapidem insistens omnia curiosis oculis spectabam. iam tumore pectus cadaveris extolli, iam spiritu corpus impleri. et surgit cadaver et profatur ‘cur, oro, me post Lethaea pocula iam Stygiis paludibus innatantem ad momentariae vitae officia reducitis? desine iam, precor, desine, ac me in meam quietem permitte.’
I push myself into the crowd and standing behind the stone bier itself, I began watching everything with curious eyes. At one moment, the chest of the corpse was being raised by a swelling, at another the body was being filled with breath. The corpse both gets up and speaks out: ‘Why, I beg, are you bringing me back, after drinking from the waters of Lethe and as I now embark onto the Stygian pools, for the duties of a short-lived life? Cease now, I pray, and allow me back into my rest.’
haec vox de corpore audita est, sed propheta aliquanto commotior ‘quin narras’ inquit ‘populo omnia de morte tua?’
Respondet ille de lectulo et imo cum gemitu populum sic adloquitur: ‘malis novae nuptae artibus peremptus et addictus noxio poculo, torum terpentem adultero reddidi. dabo vobis documenta veritatis perlucida, et quod prorsus alius nemo cognoverit vel ominaverit indicabo.’
The voice was heard from the body, but the prophet, somewhat more forcefully, said ‘Why don’t you tell the people everything about your death?’
He replies from the bier and with a deep groan addresses the people thus: ‘murdered by the evil arts of my new bride and a victim of her poisoned cup, I yielded by warm bed to her adulterer. I will give you clear proof of the truth and I will show you what no one else could find out or predict.’
tunc digito me demonstrans: ‘nam cum corporis mei custos hic sagacissimus exsertam vigilam mihi teneret, sagae quaedam exuviis meis imminentes forma mutata apparuerunt. cum industriam sedulam eius fallere non potuissent, postremo iniecta somni nebula eum in profundam quietem sepeliverunt. tum me nomine excitare coeperunt neque prius desierunt quam dum hebetes artus mei et membra frigida ad artis magicae obsequia segniter nituntur. hic autem, qui vivus erat, et tantum sopore mortuus, idem mecum nomen forte habet.
Then, pointing me out with his finger, he said: ‘For when this keen-witted guard of my body was holding his intensive vigil for me, certain witches, eager for my remains, appeared in changed form. When they were not able to deceive his determined diligence, finally they threw upon him a cloud of sleep that buried him into a deep slumber. Then they began to wake me by name and they didn’t stop until my sluggish limbs struggled slowly to obey the commands of their magic art. This man, however, who was alive and only dead asleep, by chance has this same name as me.
ad suum nomen igitur ignarus exsurgit, et, in exanimis umbrae modum ultro gradiens, ianuam adit. quamquam fores cubiculi diligenter occlusae erant, per quoddam foramen prosectis naso prius ac mox auribus prosectarum formatam aurium ei applicant nasumque similem prosecto comparant. et nunc stat miser hic, praemium non industriae sed lanienae consecutus.’
At the sound of his name, therefore, he unwittingly gets up and, in the manner of a lifeless ghost walking mechanically, approaches the door. Although the door of the bedroom had been carefully locked, through e certain hole, his nose and ears having been cut off, he suffered the mutilation instead of me. Them the witches attach to him wax formed into the shape of the cut-off ears and provide a similar nose the one cut off. And now the wretched fellow stands here, having earned a reward not for his diligence but for a mutilation.
his dictis perterritus temptare formam incipio. manu nasum perhendo: sequitur; aures pertracto: deruunt. ac dum turba directis digitis et nutibus me donatat, inter pedes cirumstantium frigido sudore defluens effugio. nec postea sic debilis ac sic ridiculus ad patriam redire potui, sed capillis hinc inde deiectis aurium vulnera celavi, nasi vero dedecus linteolo isto decenter obtexi.
Thoroughly petrified by these words, I begin to examine my face. I grasp my nose with my hand: it comes away; I touch my ears: they fall off. And while the crowd identifies me with pointing fingers and nods, I escape between the feet of the bystanders, dripping with cold sweat. Nor afterwards, so maimed and so ridiculous, could I return to my native land, but with my hair grown long on both sides I hid the wounds of my ears, and what is more, the humiliating condition of my nose, I covered up decently with this patch.
IGCSE Geography Case Studies
Case study Statement
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Case study
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A comparative study of the impacts of tropical
storms, in an LIC and an HIC.
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Case studies of the management of one tropical
storm and one tectonic event. One of these should have happened in an LIC and
the other in an HIC.
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Case study of a located coral reef or a mangrove
stand and its management.
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Case study of a stretch of a coastline under
pressure.
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Case study of one stretch of retreating
coastline.
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A comparative study of sectoral shifts in one HIC
and one LIC.
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Case study of the factors affecting the
development and location of one hightech industry.
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Case study of recent employment changes within an
area of a HIC.
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A case study of one city to show the land use
patterns and the distribution of social/ethnic groups.
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A case study of shanty town management in a LIC
city.
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A case study of one named urban area in an HIC to
explain how and why changes are taking place.
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A case study of the global operations of a
TNC or a TNC’s operations in one LIC.
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A case study of a package holiday destination.
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A case study of sustainable tourism (eg
Galapagos, Bhutan).
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